Theft by Numbers

Tax year 2026 · Nothing you type leaves this page

What this is

Every year you pay federal tax, payroll tax, state tax, sales tax and property tax. No single statement adds them up.

Enter your income below. Then read:

  1. 01Line by line
  2. 02What one year of it buys
  3. 03What your money was actually spent on
  4. 04If you had invested it instead
  5. 05What it buys back
  6. 06But what about the roads?

Your details

Single · 4.4% state

$

Wages before anything is taken out.

Filing status

Sets your brackets and standard deduction.

Sets the state tax rate and the home price used below.

4.4%

A flat approximation, not a bracket calculation.

20

How long to run the comparison.

7.0%

7% is roughly the long-run US market average after inflation. Long-run US market average after inflation

Also count

On $85,000 a year, a single filer pays

$25,045

That is 29.5% of everything you earned. You keep $59,955.

Every dollar you earned, left to rightKept 70.5%

Section one

Line by line

On your W-2Line itemAmount
Box 2Federal income taxOn $68,900 of taxable income, after the $16,100 standard deduction.$9,870
Box 4Social Security6.2% on the first $184,500 you earn.$5,270
Box 6Medicare1.45%, with no cap.$1,233
Box 17State income tax4.40% of gross, approximated.$3,740
Not on itSales tax, estimatedCollected a few dollars at a time, never totalled anywhere.$1,703
Not on itProperty tax, estimatedA year of tax on the median home in the state you picked. Owed on a home already paid off, every year, for as long as you hold it. Stop paying and the county sells the house.$3,230
Total for the year$25,045

Box numbers refer to the real form. Anything marked otherwise never appears on a W-2 at all, which is part of why it goes unnoticed. IRS, About Form W-2

Section two

What one year of it buys

2,178

Chipotle burritos

$11.50 each

Chipotle menu, price varies by location

14

Months of average US rent

$1,780 a month

Zillow Observed Rent Index

95

Weeks of groceries for a family of four

$265 a week

USDA moderate-cost food plan

63

Round-trip domestic flights

$400 each

BTS average domestic air fare

2.1

Years of in-state public college tuition

$11,800 a year

College Board, Trends in College Pricing

0.95of one

Used car, average price

$26,500 each

Cox Automotive, Q2 2026 Manheim used vehicle value index

0.61of one

Down payment on a median US home

10% of $408,800, the same US median used in section five

Zillow Home Value Index, US median, the value in states.json

522

Full tanks of gas

$48 a tank

EIA weekly retail gasoline prices

23

Months of childcare for one child

$1,099 a month

Child Care Aware of America, price of care

4.1

Years of student loan payments

$503 a month

Education Data Initiative, average student loan payment

2.7

Funerals with viewing and burial

$9,170, before the plot

NFDA 2023 General Price List Study

3.7

Years of a household's share of health premiums

$6,850 a year

KFF 2025 Employer Health Benefits Survey

0.76of one

Average American wedding

$33,000 each

The Knot 2026 Real Weddings Study

Section three

What your money was actually spent on

Your life's work, in their hands

5 years and 11 months

You work 20 years. That much of it is for the government, not for you.

In a 40-hour week, 11.8 hours of your work are theirs before an hour of it is yours.

FY2025$7.01tn
Where it wentSpentShareYoursYour life
Health: Medicare, Medicaid and the restThe largest single line in the budget. One department, more than a quarter of everything. It did not make care cheaper. HHS's own analysis found the average individual-market premium went from $2,784 a year in 2013 to $5,712 in 2017 across the 39 states on healthcare.gov, a rise of 105% in the four years after the Affordable Care Act took effect. National health spending reached $5.3 trillion in 2024, 18.0% of the whole economy and $15,474 for every person in the country. It grew 7.2% that year, faster than the economy around it. Final Monthly Treasury Statement, FY2025, table 5 · HHS ASPE, Individual Market Premium Changes 2013-2017 · CMS, National Health Expenditures 2024 Highlights$1.88tn26.9%$88,01812.4 months
Social SecurityPaid out as it comes in. There is no account with your name on it. The trustees put the 75-year shortfall at $25.1 trillion in today's money, $2.5 trillion worse than the year before, and the combined funds empty in 2034. Paying in buys no legal claim on any of it; the receipt below names the case that settled that. Final Monthly Treasury Statement, FY2025, table 5 · 2025 OASDI Trustees Report, highlights$1.65tn23.5%$76,91210.9 months
The Treasury, most of it interest on the debtGross interest on the debt alone was $1,215.6 billion of this. Net of what the government pays its own trust funds, CBO puts the cost near $970 billion. Either way it buys nothing at all. On either figure, servicing old spending now costs more than the entire military slice below it. This is the price of the years the government spent money it had not collected. Final Monthly Treasury Statement, FY2025, table 5$1.46tn20.8%$68,1499.6 months
The militaryMilitary programs only. Veterans, nuclear weapons and the intelligence agencies are counted elsewhere. Nobody can audit it: the Pentagon has failed all eight audits it has ever taken. Nobody can hold the price either. GAO reviewed the 106 costliest weapon programs in 2025 and found the estimates for 30 of them had risen $49.3 billion in a single year, against a portfolio of nearly $2.4 trillion. Final Monthly Treasury Statement, FY2025, table 5 · GAO-25-107569, Weapon Systems Annual Assessment 2025$868bn12.4%$40,5655.7 months
VeteransThe bill for the wars, paid decades after the fighting stops. It is also the fastest-growing line on this chart. CBO measured VA spending rising from $64 billion in 2000 to $180 billion in 2017 after inflation, from 2.6% of all federal spending to 4.4%. Its share of the budget nearly doubled in seventeen years, and it has kept climbing since. Final Monthly Treasury Statement, FY2025, table 5 · CBO, Possible Higher Spending Paths for Veterans' Benefits$377bn5.4%$17,5912.5 months
Food and farm programsFood assistance and farm support, in one department. USDA checks its own accuracy and publishes the answer. The SNAP payment error rate was 10.93% in 2024: roughly $10.5 billion of about $100 billion issued to the wrong household or in the wrong amount. Forty-four states missed the 6% threshold and had to file a corrective plan. No grocer stays open at that error rate. Final Monthly Treasury Statement, FY2025, table 5 · USDA FNS, FY2024 SNAP Quality Control payment error rates$227bn3.2%$10,6241.5 months
Federal employee pensionsRetirement and health benefits for people who worked for the government. CBO priced those benefits against the private sector doing comparable work in 2022. They cost 43% more. For workers whose education stopped at high school, 93% more. You are charged the difference on a package you cannot buy for yourself. Final Monthly Treasury Statement, FY2025, table 5 · CBO, Comparing the Compensation of Federal and Private-Sector Employees in 2022$128bn1.8%$5,9900.8 months
Roads, rail and airEverything people picture when they say roads and bridges. Under two cents of the dollar, and the dearest building in the world. The Transit Costs Project has costed more than 11,000 km of urban rail across 50 countries. New York builds subway at about $1.5 billion a kilometer. The global median is near $220 million. Section six takes this question on its own. Final Monthly Treasury Statement, FY2025, table 5 · NYU Marron Institute, Transit Costs Project data$128bn1.8%$5,9600.8 months
Homeland SecurityBorders, customs, the coast guard, airport screening and disaster relief. The department is 23 years old and has already doubled in real terms: $55.9 billion in 2003 against $115.3 billion now, in the same dollars. That is 106% growth against 85% for the budget as a whole, so it took a larger bite each year. Section six prices its airport screening against a contractor doing the same job to the same federal standard. Final Monthly Treasury Statement, FY2025, table 5 · USAFacts, Department of Homeland Security spending$115bn1.6%$5,3860.8 months
Everything else, after receiptsEnergy, housing, labor, justice, the environment, education, the State Department, NASA, the courts and Congress together spent $514.5 billion. The government then nets $337.8 billion of its own receipts against that, leaving this. Take the schools out of that list and look at them. Real spending per public school pupil has more than doubled since 1970. On the government's own long-term trend test, the reading and mathematics scores of 17-year-olds in 2012, the last year it was given to them, were not measurably different from the early 1970s. Twice the money bought the same result. Final Monthly Treasury Statement, FY2025, table 5 · NCES Fast Facts, long-term trends in reading and mathematics achievement · NCES Fast Facts, expenditures per pupil$177bn2.5%$8,2541.2 months

Every dollar the federal government spent in 2025, from Treasury’s closed accounts. "Yours" is your $327,450 of federal tax, split the same way. The last column is that slice, priced in your own working life. Every slice also says what that money buys now against what it bought before, and names the publisher of both figures. Final Monthly Treasury Statement, FY2025, total outlays

Over 20 years you hand over $500,906 in tax. $327,450 of it reaches Washington, and that is the sum every figure below divides. Each one is your share of a national total, not a purchase in your name.

The scale of it

Your whole working life, laid against one year of federal spending. The unit is the second.

1.5seconds

$7.01tn a year

of all federal spending

Outlays were $7.01 trillion in the 2025 fiscal year, from Treasury's own closed accounts. That is what your life's work bought at the till.

Final Monthly Treasury Statement, FY2025, total outlays

11seconds

$970bn a year

of interest on the national debt

Three numbers describe this and they are not the same. Treasury as a department spent $1,458.9 billion, which is the slice you see in the donut above. Gross interest on the debt alone was $1,215.6 billion. Net of what the government pays its own trust funds, CBO puts the cost near $970 billion. This card uses the smallest of the three. Even at the smallest, it buys nothing. It is rent on money already spent.

CBO, Monthly Budget Review, fiscal year 2025

5.7seconds

$1.8tn a year

of the deficit on its own

The 2025 shortfall was $1.8 trillion. That part was borrowed, not taxed, so no tax receipt covers it. It is deferred tax. The bill goes to whoever is working when it comes due, with interest on top, and many of them cannot vote yet. Read every share on this page as a share of what was spent, not of what was collected.

CBO, Monthly Budget Review, fiscal year 2025

Pissed away

This is money that bought nothing at all.

$8,688

$186bn a year, over your 20 years

your share of the payments the government admits were wrong

Fifteen agencies reported $186 billion of improper payments in 2025, across 64 programs. The running total since 2003 is about $3 trillion. That is 2.7% of all federal spending. The same 2.7% of your own federal tax, over 20 years, is the figure above.

GAO-26-108694, Payment Integrity

17 of 24

federal agencies used a quarter or less of their headquarters

GAO measured real attendance against building capacity over three weeks in 2023. You pay the lease, the heat and the light on the empty desks.

GAO-23-107060, Federal Real Property

4.9×

the spending rate in the last week of the year, before the budget expires

An agency loses whatever it has not spent by 30 September, so it spends it. Two economists tracked the quality of $130 billion of federal IT projects. The ones bought in that last week were 2.2 to 5.6 times more likely to score below the middle of the pack.

Liebman and Mahoney, American Economic Review, 2017

$100bn+

still on the table from duplicate and overlapping programs

GAO has published a list of them every year since 2011. Acting on the earlier lists has already saved $725 billion. This much is left, named and costed, waiting for a Congress that wants it.

GAO, 2025 duplication and cost savings report

Stolen outright

Not wasted. Taken. Every figure here comes from the government's own investigators.

$10,884

$233bn a year, over your 20 years

your share of the money stolen from the government every year

GAO made the first government-wide estimate of fraud in 2024, on 2018 to 2022 data. The answer was $233 billion to $521 billion a year: three to seven cents of every federal dollar. This card uses the low end. That is 3.3% of all federal spending. The same 3.3% of your own federal tax, over 20 years, is the figure above.

GAO-24-105833, Fraud Risk Management

$467

$200bn once, at your rate

your share of the pandemic business loans that went to fraudsters

The Small Business Administration's own inspector general puts more than $200 billion of COVID business loans in the hands of potentially fraudulent actors. That is at least 17 cents of every dollar those programs paid out. About $30 billion has been seized or returned. This bill is 10 days of all federal spending, so it costs you 10 days of your own federal tax.

SBA OIG 23-09, COVID-19 Pandemic EIDL and PPP Loan Fraud Landscape

$234

$100bn once, at your rate

your share of the unemployment money that was simply stolen

GAO puts pandemic unemployment fraud between $100 billion and $135 billion. This card uses the low end. States have clawed back about $1.2 billion of it. This bill is 5.2 days of all federal spending, so it costs you 5.2 days of your own federal tax.

GAO-23-106696, Unemployment Insurance

Nobody can say where it went

The money left. The receipts cannot be produced, and in most cases nobody was held to account.

8 of 8

audits the Pentagon has failed, out of every one it has ever taken

Congress ordered an annual audit from 2018. The Department of Defense has never passed one, and it is the only one of the 24 major agencies that never has. The 2025 audit covered $4.65 trillion of assets and found 26 material weaknesses. The department now says it will pass by 2028.

CRS IF12627, Defense Primer: FY2025 Department of Defense Audit Results

$61

$26bn once, at your rate

your share of what was wasted rebuilding Afghanistan

The Afghanistan watchdog shut for good on 31 January 2026. Its final report counted 1,327 instances of waste, fraud and abuse, and at least $26 billion lost, out of $148.21 billion appropriated. This bill is 1.4 days of all federal spending, so it costs you 1.4 days of your own federal tax.

SIGAR, Final Report, December 2025 (archived)

$17

$7.1bn once, at your rate

your share of the equipment handed to the Taliban

About $7.1 billion of equipment bought for the Afghan forces was left behind in August 2021: rifles, night vision, armored vehicles, aircraft. The same watchdog says it now forms the core of the Taliban's security apparatus. This bill is 8.9 hours of all federal spending, so it costs you 8.9 hours of your own federal tax.

SIGAR, Final Report, December 2025 (archived)

Prices only a government pays

One thing, bought once, at a price no buyer spending their own money would agree to.

7,943%

the markup Boeing charged the Air Force on one soap dispenser

The Pentagon's inspector general checked the price of 46 spare parts for the C-17 transport aircraft. Twelve were overpriced. The lavatory soap dispenser alone cost the Air Force $149,072 more than a fair price.

DODIG-2025-009, audit of C-17 spare parts pricing

$42.7m

for one filling station in Afghanistan that should have cost $500,000

A Pentagon task force built a compressed natural gas station at Sheberghan between 2011 and 2014. The same station in Pakistan costs no more than $500,000. Overheads alone came to $30 million. The Department of Defense told the auditor it could not explain the cost.

SIGAR-16-2-SP, DoD's Compressed Natural Gas Filling Station in Afghanistan (archived)

$40,257

what 16 cargo planes that cost $549 million sold for as scrap

The Air Force bought 20 Italian G222 transports for the Afghan Air Force in 2008. They were unreliable, and Afghan pilots called them unsafe. Sixteen were sold for scrap in 2014, at about six cents a pound. Nobody was held to account.

SIGAR 21-21-SP, G222 Aircraft Program in Afghanistan

$4.1bn

for one launch of the Space Launch System rocket, a price NASA's own auditor calls unsustainable

NASA's inspector general priced each of the first four Artemis launches at $4.1 billion: the rocket, the capsule and the ground operations together. He used the word unsustainable to Congress. Nothing is recovered. Every launch destroys the rocket.

NASA OIG, testimony to the House Subcommittee on Space and Aeronautics

Bought in your name

Not frivolous. Deliberate. Your share of what the money was used to do.

13

JDAM kits, turning dumb bombs into guided ones

About $25,000 a kit at the Air Force's largest buys, rising above $80,000 when they order fewer. Reported against the 2024 Boeing contract. Each one is used once.

Defense News, Boeing JDAM contract

109

155mm artillery shells

About $3,000 for a basic high-explosive round, the figure US officials give. A gun crew can fire this many in an afternoon.

FY2026 Procurement of Ammunition, Army, justification book

7.8

hours of an F-35 in the air

$41,986 an hour, everything counted: fuel, parts, contractors, overhead. One hour.

GAO-24-106703, F-35 Sustainment

6.9

years of holding one person in federal prison

$47,162 a year. The Bureau of Prisons publishes this figure itself, in the Federal Register.

Annual Determination of Average Cost of Incarceration Fee, FY2024

$4,671

$2tn once, at your rate

your share of the F-35 program, from drawing board to scrapyard

GAO now puts the lifetime cost above $2 trillion, up from $1.7 trillion, while the plan is to fly the fleet less than before. About $442 billion buys the aircraft. The other $1.6 trillion keeps them flying to 2088. This bill is 104 days of all federal spending, so it costs you 104 days of your own federal tax.

GAO, The F-35 Will Now Exceed $2 Trillion

3 to 7

civilians killed by US airstrikes every day, on average, for twenty years

Airwars counted the strikes and the local casualty reports in Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria, Yemen, Somalia, Pakistan and Libya, from 2001 to 2021. It puts civilian deaths from US actions between 22,679 and 48,308. Spread over the 7,305 days of those twenty years, that is three to seven people a day, every day. The US military flew at least 91,340 airstrikes in that time.

Airwars, twenty-year assessment of US civilian harm

$18,685

$8tn once, at your rate

your share of the wars fought since 2001

At least 940,000 people died in the direct violence: civilians, soldiers on every side, contractors, journalists and aid workers. This bill is 1.1 years of all federal spending, so it costs you 1.1 years of your own federal tax.

Costs of War, Brown University

The defense they always make

The programs people name first when they defend the tax: the pension, the health care, the schools. Here is what the people who run them publish about them, and what each one costs now against what it cost before.

$462,339

if your Social Security tax had stayed yours

$10,540 a year goes in, counting the half your employer pays. Held for 20 years at 7.0%, it would be this, and drawing 4% of it would pay you $18,494 a year without touching the pot. The average retired worker collects $25,013 a year, and half collect less. Your own benefit depends on an earnings history this page never asks for. A benefit stops when you die. A balance passes to your children.

SSA, average monthly benefit for a retired worker

2034

the year the trust fund empties and benefits are cut by law

The 2025 Trustees Report projects the combined funds depleted in 2034. Income then covers 81% of scheduled benefits. The remaining 19% is cut automatically, with no vote and no appeal.

Social Security Trustees Report summary

None

the legal right you hold over the money you have paid in

In Flemming v. Nestor, 363 U.S. 603 (1960), the Supreme Court held that paying in creates no contractual right to receive. Congress kept the power to change the schedule whenever it likes.

Flemming v. Nestor, 363 U.S. 603 (1960)

105%

the rise in individual health premiums in the four years after the Affordable Care Act took effect

This is HHS's own accounting, not a critic's. Its policy office compared 2013 premiums with 2017 exchange premiums in the 39 states on healthcare.gov. The average went from $2,784 a year to $5,712. In 62% of those states the premium at least doubled. Alabama rose 222%. New Jersey, the mildest, rose 12%. The law was sold as a way to bring the price down.

HHS ASPE, Individual Market Premium Changes 2013-2017

$26,993

the yearly premium on family health cover through an employer

KFF has run the same survey since 1999. The family premium rose 6% in 2025 alone and 24% over five years, ahead of both wages and inflation. Your employer pays most of it, out of money that would otherwise be your wage, so it never appears on your payslip and never appears on this page's tax total either. It is the largest bill you never see.

KFF, 2025 Employer Health Benefits Survey

18.0%

of the entire US economy now goes on health care

CMS's own actuaries put national health spending at $5.3 trillion in 2024, or $15,474 for every person in the country. It grew 7.2% that year against 5.3% for the economy, so the share climbed from 17.6% to 18.0% in twelve months. Medicare and Medicaid together pay for more of that bill than private insurance does. This is the market the tax built.

CMS, National Health Expenditures 2024 Highlights

$94bn

of Medicare and Medicaid payments the government itself calls improper, in one year

CMS published the 2025 rates: $28.8 billion in Medicare fee-for-service, $23.7 billion in Medicare Advantage, $4.2 billion in Part D and $37.4 billion in Medicaid. That is half of the $186 billion government-wide figure above, from two programs. It is not counted twice on this page; it is the largest part of that same card, named. Every dollar of it was collected from someone.

CMS, Fiscal Year 2025 improper payments fact sheet

2033

the year Medicare's hospital fund runs dry and payments are cut by law

The 2025 trustees moved the date three years closer in a single report. From 2033 the fund's income covers 89% of the cost of the care already promised. The other 11% is cut automatically, and the trustees expect that gap to widen for at least a decade after. This is the second fund on this page with a published expiry date.

Medicare and Social Security Trustees Report summary

1970s

the decade whose test scores today's 17-year-olds still have not beaten

NAEP has run the same long-term trend test since 1971. In 2012, the last year it was given to 17-year-olds, their reading and mathematics scores were not measurably different from the early 1970s. Real spending per public school pupil has more than doubled over the same period. Twice the money, the same result, and no refund.

NCES Fast Facts, long-term trends in reading and mathematics achievement · NCES Fast Facts, expenditures per pupil

60 cents

of every extra dollar of subsidized student loan went straight onto the tuition bill

Three economists at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York measured what colleges did when Congress raised the loan caps. Sixty cents in the dollar came back as higher tuition, and the effect was strongest at the dearest programs. Help with the price raised the price. Section two prices a year of college on this page; that is the figure this policy moved.

Federal Reserve Bank of New York, Staff Report 733, Credit Supply and the Rise in College Tuition

Section four

If you had invested it instead

Balance after 20 years

$1,098,617

Assumes you set aside $25,045 at the start of every year for 20 years and earned 7.0% a year on it. That is the yellow below.

Of which is growth

$597,711

You would have contributed $500,906. The rest is compounding, which by now is doing more work than you are.

After 20 years at this income

What you actually took home

$1,199,094

Your pay, after tax

What you could have had

$2,297,711

Your pay, after tax
Tax paid$500,906
Growth lost$597,711

Tax you paid $500,906Growth you never earned $597,711What the tax cost you $1,098,617

You take home $1,199,094 over those 20 years. Had the $500,906 in tax stayed with you and been invested, you would be sitting on $2,297,711 instead. Your spending never changes; only the tax money is invested.

Section five

What it buys back

Invested instead of paid, $1,098,617 buys back 17 of the 18 rungs below. The federal government spends that much in 4.9 seconds.

Your balance after 20 years$1,098,617

For someone else

None of this is a thing you own. Every price here is worked out by an outside evaluator.

1,098,617xChildren dewormed for a yearAbout $1 a child. Worms keep children out of school and out of work for life. GiveWell, top charities$1
1,098,617xVitamin A supplements, deliveredAbout $1 to deliver one dose. Vitamin A deficiency blinds and kills small children. GiveWell, Helen Keller Intl vitamin A supplementation$1
732,411xPeople given safe drinking water for a yearAbout $1.50 a person a year, by putting chlorine dispensers at the water source. Dirty water kills small children first. GiveWell, Evidence Action's Dispensers for Safe Water$1.50
183,102xInsecticide-treated bed nets, hungAbout $6 a net, delivered and hung. It covers a bed for years. GiveWell, how much does it cost to save a life$6
7,324xStarving children fed back to healthAbout $150 for the full six to eight week course of therapeutic food, delivery and staff included. Most children recover completely. UNICEF, ready-to-use therapeutic food$150
199xLives saved from malariaAbout $5,500 a life through the Against Malaria Foundation, GiveWell's estimated average. Their other top charities save one for roughly $3,500 to $4,000. GiveWell, top charities$5,500
3xScholarships in your name, one student a year, forever$295,000. Draw four percent a year and it pays one in-state tuition, and never runs dry. Bengen, Determining Withdrawal Rates Using Historical Data, 1994$295,000

These are modeled averages from GiveWell, not price tags. A cost per life saved carries a wide band, and GiveWell expects every one of these figures to rise over time. GiveDirectly, which simply hands cash to people in extreme poverty, reports that about 89 cents of each dollar reaches the recipient. GiveDirectly, financials

For your family

The bills that decide what your children get to do, and who looks after your parents.

83xYears of childcare for one child$13,188 a year, twelve months at the price in section two. It is why one parent stops working. Child Care Aware of America, price of care$13,188
23xFour-year degrees, paid in cash$47,200 for four years in-state. No loan, no interest, no thirty-year repayment. College Board, Trends in College Pricing$47,200
14xYears of a parent's care$74,400 a year, the national median for assisted living. Somebody in your family will need it. CareScout 2025 Cost of Care Survey$74,400
3xChildren raised to eighteen, every cost paid$332,000, the USDA figure carried to today's money. College is on top of it. USDA, the cost of raising a child ($233,610 in 2015 dollars)$332,000

For you

Your own time and your own property, bought outright, with no lender left to pay. Only the tax on it never ends.

237xOne-ounce gold barsspot, $4,630 an ounce. The money nobody can print more of. Spot gold, US dollars per troy ounce$4,630
73xEmergency funds$14,989, a quarter of what you keep in a year. Your own expenses may be lower than your pay. Most American households do not have this, and know it. Federal Reserve, Economic Well-Being of U.S. Households in 2025$14,989
41xUsed cars, owned outright$26,500, the average used price. No payment, no lender, nothing to repossess. Cox Automotive, Q2 2026 Manheim used vehicle value index$26,500
18xYears you never have to work$59,955, one year of your own take-home. A year of your life, bought back.$59,955
13xDeposits on a median US home$81,760 down, a fifth of the value. Enough to end the mortgage insurance. Zillow Home Value Index, all homes, smoothed and seasonally adjusted$81,760
2xMedian US homes, owned outright$408,800, Zillow median value. No mortgage, no lender, no installments left. The property tax still arrives every year, and the county sells the house if you stop paying it. You buy the building outright. You rent the ground from the state for as long as you live. Tyler v. Hennepin County, 598 U.S. 631 (2023)$408,800
short $400,250The rest of your life, not working$1,498,867. Draw a twenty-fifth a year and the pot is expected to outlive you. Bengen, Determining Withdrawal Rates Using Historical Data, 1994$1,498,867

A rung about your own time is priced at what you keep after every tax on this page, held flat. That is a smaller number than your paycheck, because sales tax and property tax come out of the paycheck later. Other prices are 2026 averages. The home is the median value in the state you picked above. Gold moves daily; this uses spot on 26 August 2026. Zillow Home Value Index, all homes, smoothed and seasonally adjusted Spot gold, US dollars per troy ounce

Section six

But what about the roads?

You asked about the roads. Start with the size of the bill: roads, rail and air together were 1.82% of federal spending last year. Then ask who else has ever done these jobs. In every case below, somebody already has.

The roads are not the bill

Before asking who would build them, look at what share of your money goes anywhere near them.

1.82%

of all federal spending went to roads, rail and air

The Department of Transportation spent $127.6 billion of the $7.01 trillion that went out in the 2025 fiscal year. Everything people picture when they say roads and bridges is under two cents of the dollar.

Monthly Treasury Statement, table 5, FY2025

$5,960

of everything you hand over, at the transportation share

Over 20 years you hand over $327,450 in federal tax. At the transportation share, $5,960 of it is the roads answer. The other $321,490 is everything else. This is the transportation slice of the donut above, pulled out and set on its own. It is what the roads answer is actually worth as a defense of the rest of the bill.

Monthly Treasury Statement, table 5, FY2025

Who builds the roads

The question in its original form. It was answered once in America and is being answered now in Sweden. The state's own flagship road answered it a third way.

2,000+

private companies built America's first road network

Between the 1790s and the 1840s more than two thousand private turnpike companies laid over 10,000 miles of road across the eastern states. They were financed by subscription, not by tax. This is how America got its roads before anyone thought to ask who else would.

Klein and Majewski, Turnpikes and Toll Roads in Nineteenth-Century America, EH.net

284,000 km

of Sweden's roads are private, against 98,000 km run by the state

Around 60,000 private road associations own and maintain roughly two thirds of the Swedish road network. Neighbors organize, levy their own dues and hire the work. Some take a state subsidy in return for public access; most do not. This is not history. It is how Sweden runs today.

Trafikverket, enskilda vägar

16 years

late, on the road network people name first when they defend the tax

In 1955 the Bureau of Public Roads told Congress the Interstate system would cost $27 billion and open by 1975. The last stretch opened in 1991. This is not a market comparison and is not filed as one. It is the government's own promise against its own outcome. The card quotes the schedule, not a cost ratio, and the reason matters: the $27 billion was quoted in 1955 dollars and the $114 billion finally spent was counted as it was spent, through 1991. Those are not the same dollars, so dividing one by the other would overstate the overrun. The dates need no such adjustment. Both figures come from the FHWA's own history of the program.

FHWA highway history, Target: $27 Billion, and the system as built

Who keeps the commons

Roads, parks, lighting, drainage and trash. The shared things nobody owns alone, which is meant to be the hardest case of all.

78.1 million

Americans already chose who maintains their commons

You read the dues before you buy, and you can sell and leave. Tax offers neither choice. 373,000 community associations raise $112 billion a year from their own members and spend it on roads, drainage, lighting, parks, water and security. Say the weakness plainly: once you own, the dues are compulsory, the association can place a lien on your home, and it exists under a state enabling statute. The claim here is narrow. It is about consent at the door, not about a gentler collector.

Foundation for Community Association Research, 2025 Statistical Review

Who stands guard

Protection is the one job almost everybody grants the state. Americans already buy most of theirs on the open market.

1.9 to 1

private security officers outnumber sworn police

The Bureau of Labor Statistics counts 1,272,400 security guards against 674,910 police officers. Most of the protection Americans actually receive, at the shop, the office, the hospital and the gated street, is already bought rather than taxed for.

BLS, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics

1.7×

as much, per hour of contracted neighborhood patrol

One buyer, one beat, one job: the Sharpstown Civic Association in Houston pays for patrol of the same 7,000 homes, and in 2012 it changed supplier on price. Harris County constables charged the association about $40 an hour. SEAL Security charged about $24 an hour, and the association got more officers on the street for less money. PolitiFact checked this and threw out the viral version: Sharpstown never fired a police force, and Houston police still answer its 911 calls. This is the fact-checked remainder, which is the only part worth quoting.

PolitiFact, Not so fast: cops fired, private security hired, March 2015 · Texas Monthly, on the Sharpstown security contract

1.7×

as much, per year to screen one large airport

Congress wrote one screening standard and the TSA certifies every screener against it. Los Angeles uses federal staff, San Francisco uses a contractor under the TSA's own Screening Partnership Program, and the committee found screening quality about the same at both. LAX cost $90,600,000 a year. San Francisco's contractor screened 65 percent more passengers per screener, and at that productivity LAX would cost $52,000,000. Two warnings. The second figure is the committee's extrapolation from San Francisco's measured throughput, not a bill anyone paid. And the TSA's own accounting reaches the opposite answer, putting contract screening about 3 percent dearer, because it loads federal overheads onto the private airports and not onto its own. Figures are 2011.

GAO-16-19, Screening Partnership Program, TSA cost estimates · House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee staff, LAX and SFO screening, 2011

95%

of weapons the government's own testers walked past its screeners

This card is about price against result, not about who fails less. In 2015 the Homeland Security inspector general sent auditors through TSA checkpoints with weapons and mock explosives. They got through 67 times out of 70. A 2017 re-test put the failure rate near 80 percent; the exact number is classified. Of nine vulnerabilities that covert testing found from 2015 onward, the GAO reported that none had been formally resolved by September 2018. This is what the premium on the card beside this one buys. Say the weakness plainly: screening before 2001 was contracted to private firms, and it failed too. The narrow claim stands. You are charged more and the result did not improve.

GAO-19-374, Aviation Security, TSA covert testing

Running the sky

Air traffic control and access to orbit. Two jobs written off as too big, too dangerous and too unprofitable for anyone but a state.

1.6×

as much, per hour of instrument-rules air traffic control

The identical job on the identical unit: keeping aircraft apart under instrument rules, costed per flight hour, in two neighboring countries whose controllers hand traffic to each other every day. Canada took air traffic control out of government hands in 1996. In 2022 NAV CANADA ran it at $369 a flight hour against the FAA's $586, and it did so with a lower loss-of-separation rate: cheaper and safer on the measure that matters most. NAV CANADA is a non-profit owned by the people who use it rather than a company seeking a return, so this is the mildest version of the argument. It is also the largest test of it, being a whole country thirty years in.

Federal Aviation Administration, Air Traffic Organization · Reason Foundation, Canada offers important lessons for US air traffic control

3.1×

as much, per astronaut carried to orbit and home again

One customer buying one thing: NASA putting a NASA astronaut into low Earth orbit and returning them alive. Same agency, same crew, same destination, same human rating, bought first from itself and now from a contractor. A seat on the Space Shuttle cost about $170,000,000 in today's money. NASA pays SpaceX about $55,000,000 a seat on Crew Dragon, the figure its own inspector general uses. For the years between the two it paid Russia about $86 million a seat, more than either. The Shuttle also carried cargo on the same flight, which no per-seat figure can separate cleanly.

Estimated cost per seat on selected spacecraft · NASA Office of Inspector General, IG-20-005, NASA's Management of Crew Transportation

These are not laboratory comparisons, and this page will not pretend otherwise. Two projects are never built to one specification, on one terrain, under one set of rules. A public price usually carries costs a private one does not: land taken by force of law, wages set by statute, and the review process that permits the work. A private price sometimes rests on public money, public research, or a public launch pad. Private roads and private guards mostly serve the people who pay for them, which is the whole objection to them. Every note above names the specific weakness in its own comparison. The claim here is narrow and it is the only one worth making: none of these jobs needs a state to get done, and the state does not do them cheaply.

Read this before you quote the number

  1. These are estimates. Real returns depend on credits, retirement contributions, itemized deductions, dependents and dozens of other things this page does not ask about. It is not tax advice.
  2. State tax is approximated as a flat rate on gross income. Most states use brackets and their own deductions, so treat this figure as a ballpark. Until you pick a state, the page charges the median state rate, not zero. Pick your own state to replace it. Tax Foundation, state individual income tax rates
  3. This measures only what left your pocket, not what came back. These taxes also pay for roads, courts, schools, defense and the like. Section three prices each of those against what the same thing used to cost, from the accounts of the agencies that run them. Section six asks how much of the bill they actually are, and who else has ever done them.
  4. Every comparison in section six opens by saying what makes the two sides the same job. Same statute, same unit, same buyer, same beat. A card that cannot make that claim is not on the page; the ones thrown out for failing it are listed in DATA.md. What remains is still not a laboratory. A public price often carries land taken by force of law, wages set by statute, and the review that permits the work. A private road or a private guard mostly serves whoever pays, which is the standing objection to both. Each card names its own remaining weakness after the figures. Read those before you quote a multiple.
  5. Your dollars are not traceable. Money is fungible. You did not personally buy a missile, a prison cell or an empty desk. Every figure in section three is your share of a national total, worked out from published accounts. Nothing on this page claims a specific dollar of yours went to a specific thing.
  6. A cumulative bill is priced against a single year of spending. Every figure in section three divides by the same thing: the part of every federal dollar you pay this year. The two Afghanistan cards and the war card read low because of it. Those bills were run up over two decades, when the government spent far less each year than it does now, so measuring them against today's larger outlays shrinks your share. Your real share of those three is larger than the card says, not smaller. The other lump cards are not affected the same way: the equipment left behind was a single month in 2021, the two pandemic frauds fell in years whose outlays were close to today's, and the F-35 total runs to 2088, so most of it has not been spent yet.
  7. The Social Security card counts both halves of the payroll tax — yours and your employer's — on the same incidence argument used above. Whether the invested figure beats the benefit depends entirely on the years and return you pick; over a short run it does not. Your real benefit depends on an earnings history this page never asks for. SSA, contribution and benefit base
  8. Charity figures are estimates, not price tags. A cost per life saved is a model with a wide band around it, and GiveWell expects every one of these figures to rise over time. Read the linked analysis before you quote a number. GiveWell cost-effectiveness estimates, dollars per unit of good
  9. The employer's share is counted as your money only if you accept the incidence argument — that absent the tax, the same amount would have reached your wage. Most economists do; note that had it been paid to you as salary, income tax would have applied to it too, which this page does not model. CBO Working Paper 2021-06, payroll tax pass-through
  10. Sections three and six divide your federal tax only. The bill at the top of this page counts federal, state and local tax together. These two sections divide federal spending, because Treasury publishes those accounts and no single ledger adds up all fifty states. So they use the federal part of your bill: income tax, both payroll taxes, and the employer's half when you count it. Your state, sales and property tax is real money and it is in the total above, but it funded no federal outlay and does not enlarge your share of one. Section six still understates the road bill: most roads are built and maintained by states and counties, not by Washington, and that spending is outside these accounts entirely.
  11. Property tax is charged on the median home in the state you picked, not on a home you told us about. The rate is the state's effective rate on owner-occupied housing. If you rent, you still pay it: the landlord owes it and prices it into the rent. If you own a cheaper or dearer home than the median, your own bill differs. This is the one tax on the page you keep paying after the thing is bought and paid for, which is why it has its own row. Tax Foundation, property taxes paid as a share of home value
  12. Investment returns are not guaranteed. This page assumes a steady annual return, which no real market delivers. Actual sequences of good and bad years produce very different results.
  13. Everything is in today's dollars and holds your income flat, which keeps the comparison readable but is not how a career usually goes.
  14. Figures used: 2026 IRS brackets and standard deductions, a $184,500 Social Security wage base, and prices sampled from typical 2026 US averages. IRS annual inflation adjustments, tax year 2026 (Rev. Proc. 2025-32) SSA, contribution and benefit base
  15. Data last refreshed 27 August 2026. Every rate and price on this page comes from a JSON file in the repository. Each file records its own source and refresh date.